Basic Raycasting With Python
3D Raycasting Engine
This project is a simple implementation of a 3D raycasting engine using Python and the Pygame library. Raycasting is a technique used to create 3D world simulations.
Introduction
Raycasting is a rendering technique used in computer graphics to create a 3D perspective in a 2D map. In this project, we simulate a 3D environment by casting rays from the player’s viewpoint and rendering the scene accordingly.
How It Works
The player navigates through the 3D environment using keyboard controls. Raycasting is used to calculate the distance from the player to the walls in the scene, which determines the height of the walls in the rendered view. The scene is then drawn on the screen using Pygame.
Features
- Simple 3D environment simulation
- Player movement and rotation
- Basic wall rendering using raycasting
Installation
Prerequisites
- Python 3.x
- Pygame library
Installation
- Install Python from Python’s Official Website.
- Install Pygame by running
pip install pygamein your terminal.
Usage
- Clone the repository or download the source code.
- Navigate to the project directory using the terminal.
- Run the command
python raycasting.pyto start the project.
Controls
- Use the arrow keys to move forward, backward, and rotate left or right.
- Press the ESC key to exit the game.
Code
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import pygame
import sys
import math
WIDTH, HEIGHT = 800, 600
player_pos = [4.5, 4.5]
player_dir = [-1, 0]
player_plane = [0, 0.66]
world_map = [
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
]
def draw(screen):
screen.fill((0, 0, 0))
for x in range(WIDTH):
camera_x = 2 * x / WIDTH - 1
ray_dir_x = player_dir[0] + player_plane[0] * camera_x
ray_dir_y = player_dir[1] + player_plane[1] * camera_x
if ray_dir_y != 0:
delta_dist_y = abs(1 / ray_dir_y)
else:
delta_dist_y = float('inf')
map_x = int(player_pos[0])
map_y = int(player_pos[1])
if ray_dir_y != 0:
delta_dist_x = abs(1 / ray_dir_x)
else:
delta_dist_x = float('inf')
step_x = -1 if ray_dir_x < 0 else 1
step_y = -1 if ray_dir_y < 0 else 1
if ray_dir_x < 0:
side_dist_x = (player_pos[0] - map_x) * delta_dist_x
else:
side_dist_x = (map_x + 1.0 - player_pos[0]) * delta_dist_x
if ray_dir_y < 0:
side_dist_y = (player_pos[1] - map_y) * delta_dist_y
else:
side_dist_y = (map_y + 1.0 - player_pos[1]) * delta_dist_y
hit = 0
side = 0
while hit == 0:
if side_dist_x < side_dist_y:
side_dist_x += delta_dist_x
map_x += step_x
side = 0
else:
side_dist_y += delta_dist_y
map_y += step_y
side = 1
if world_map[map_x][map_y] > 0:
hit = 1
if ray_dir_y != 0:
if side == 0:
perp_wall_dist = (map_x - player_pos[0] + (1 - step_x) / 2) / ray_dir_x
else:
perp_wall_dist = (map_y - player_pos[1] + (1 - step_y) / 2) / ray_dir_y
else:
perp_wall_dist = float('inf')
line_height = HEIGHT / perp_wall_dist
draw_start = int(-line_height / 2 + HEIGHT / 2)
if draw_start < 0:
draw_start = 0
draw_end = int(line_height / 2 + HEIGHT / 2)
if draw_end >= HEIGHT:
draw_end = HEIGHT - 1
color = (255, 255, 255)
if side == 1:
color = (128, 128, 128)
pygame.draw.line(screen, color, (x, draw_start), (x, draw_end), 1)
pygame.display.flip()
def main():
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH, HEIGHT))
pygame.display.set_caption("3D Raycaster")
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
running = True
while running:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
running = False
keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()
if keys[pygame.K_ESCAPE]:
running = False
# Oyuncu hareketi
move_speed = 0.05
rot_speed = 0.03
if keys[pygame.K_UP]:
new_x = player_pos[0] + player_dir[0] * move_speed
new_y = player_pos[1] + player_dir[1] * move_speed
if world_map[int(new_x)][int(player_pos[1])] == 0:
player_pos[0] = new_x
if world_map[int(player_pos[0])][int(new_y)] == 0:
player_pos[1] = new_y
if keys[pygame.K_DOWN]:
new_x = player_pos[0] - player_dir[0] * move_speed
new_y = player_pos[1] - player_dir[1] * move_speed
if world_map[int(new_x)][int(player_pos[1])] == 0:
player_pos[0] = new_x
if world_map[int(player_pos[0])][int(new_y)] == 0:
player_pos[1] = new_y
if keys[pygame.K_LEFT]:
old_dir_x = player_dir[0]
player_dir[0] = player_dir[0] * math.cos(rot_speed) - player_dir[1] * math.sin(rot_speed)
player_dir[1] = old_dir_x * math.sin(rot_speed) + player_dir[1] * math.cos(rot_speed)
old_plane_x = player_plane[0]
player_plane[0] = player_plane[0] * math.cos(rot_speed) - player_plane[1] * math.sin(rot_speed)
player_plane[1] = old_plane_x * math.sin(rot_speed) + player_plane[1] * math.cos(rot_speed)
if keys[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
old_dir_x = player_dir[0]
player_dir[0] = player_dir[0] * math.cos(-rot_speed) - player_dir[1] * math.sin(-rot_speed)
player_dir[1] = old_dir_x * math.sin(-rot_speed) + player_dir[1] * math.cos(-rot_speed)
old_plane_x = player_plane[0]
player_plane[0] = player_plane[0] * math.cos(-rot_speed) - player_plane[1] * math.sin(-rot_speed)
player_plane[1] = old_plane_x * math.sin(-rot_speed) + player_plane[1] * math.cos(-rot_speed)
draw(screen)
clock.tick(60)
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Contributing
Contributions are welcome! If you want to contribute to this project, feel free to open a pull request on GitHub. Fixes, improvements, and suggestions are always appreciated.
This post is licensed under CC BY 4.0 by the author.